Trong
văn hóa xã hội, tất cả các quốc gia đều phải trải qua các giai đoạn phát triển
theo thứ tự, trong đó tại Âu châu trải qua các thời kỳ:
1.
Thời Huyền sử, trước thế kỷ 8 trước Công nguyên.
2.
Thời Cổ đại, từ thế kỷ 8 trước Công nguyên đến thế kỷ 5 sau Công nguyên.
3.
Thời Trung cổ từ thế kỷ 5 đến thế kỷ 15.
4.
Thời Phục hưng từ thế kỷ 15 đến thế kỷ 16.
5.
Thời Cải cách từ thế kỷ 16 đến thế kỷ 17.
6.
Thời Khai sáng từ thế kỷ 17 đến thế kỷ 18.
7.
Thời Cách mạng công nghiệp từ thế kỷ 18 đến đầu thế kỷ 20.
8.
Thời Hiện đại từ đầu thế kỷ 20 đến hiện nay.
Để ra khỏi
Thời Trung cổ, Châu  đã phải qua nhiều thời kỳ, mỗi thời kỳ nhiều trăm năm. Bắt
đầu từ những le lói ánh sáng văn hóa, văn minh của Thời đại Nhân Văn, Chủ nghĩa
Nhân Văn (Humanism) phát xuất từ bên Ý, do Francesco Petrarca (1304-1374) đề xướng. giữa thế kỷ 14 rồi đến khoảng đầu
thế kỷ 15 từ Florence bên Ý với sự góp sức của một số nhà Nhân văn học như
Saint Thomas Aquinas, Giotto di Bondone, Francesco Petrarca, Leonardo Bruni,
Manuel Chrysoloras, Desiderius Erasmus, Filippo Brunelleschi, Lorenzo Valla,
Poggio Bracciolini, một số nghệ thuật gia mới tạo thành phong trào bi quan ca
thán cho hiện tại vào lúc đó, và hồi tưởng lại dĩ vãng oai hùng của nước Ý cách
đó gần một ngàn năm, và văn minh Hy lạp cách đó hơn một ngàn năm trăm năm.
Từ đó họ tạo thành Phong trào Phục hưng kéo dài 200 năm từ thế kỷ 15 sang thế kỷ 16,
với sự trỗi dậy mạnh mẻ, bừng tỉnh, của các phong trào nhân văn, xã hội, nghệ
thuật, khoa học, triết học, chẳng những tại quốc gia họ mà còn lan ra toàn Âu
châu. Nhân dân Âu châu sau thời gian ngủ yên một ngàn năm trong Thời Trung cổ
bổng trở mình, phát triển mạnh mẽ trong nhiều lãnh vực như kiến trúc, văn học,
âm nhạc, hội họa, triết học, khoa học, kỹ thuật, vũ khí. Đây là thời kỳ cực
thịnh của châu Âu, dọn đường cho Thời Khai sáng sau này.
Thời Khai sáng chính là quá trình bứt
phá khỏi quá khứ với quyền lực cai trị của giới địa chủ, lãnh chúa, chức sắc
tôn giáo như Thời Phục hưng trở về trước sang một thế giới quyền lực cai trị
vào tay những ai có khả năng nhất, bao gồm các triết gia hoặc học trò của họ.
Đây cũng là thời đại các quốc gia hùng mạnh được hình thành như Pháp, Anh, Ý,
Đức, Tây Ban Nha ngày nay. Chen giữa Thời Phục hưng và Khai sáng là Thời Cải cách chủ yếu tranh đấu bình
đẳng trong tôn giáo.
Nhìn lại quá trình phát triển từ thời Trung cổ đến thời kỳ Khai sáng để
bước vào thời kỳ Cách mạng công nghiệp rồi sau đó là thời Hiện đại từ thế kỷ 20
đến nay ở châu Âu kéo dài suốt hơn 600 năm với các nhân vật khởi xướng Thời đại
Nhân Văn là Francesco Petrarca, kế tiếp
đến Cải cách, cách mạng công nghệ và người khởi xướng phong trào Khai sáng
là René Descartes đều không từng là các
chính trị gia. Họ là những nhà nhân văn, khoa học, công nghệ, hoạt động của
họ nhằm khai sáng, mở mang đầu óc, trí tuệ người dân, chứ không nhằm quản trị dân,
quản trị quốc gia.
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